Freight Electrification Paths Diverge by Region's Existing Transport Mix

Battery price declines are making electric freight viable worldwide, but each major economy's current balance of road, rail, and water shipping shapes how that transition unfolds. China, India, Europe, and the United States have markedly different modal splits, from China's heavy reliance on road and water to India's road-dominated system and the U.S.'s substantial rail share. These inherited infrastructures mean the same falling battery costs will drive different capital decisions and electrification strategies across regions through the 2030s.