Antarctic ozone hole in 2025 among smallest on record
The World Meteorological Organization reports that the 2025 Antarctic ozone hole was the fourth or fifth smallest since 1992, marking the second consecutive year of significantly reduced depletion. The recovery is attributed to the Montreal Protocol's phase-out of ozone-depleting chemicals. Full recovery of the ozone layer is expected within several decades.
The 2025 Antarctic ozone hole ranked among the smallest since the early 1990s, with depth and extent falling well below the 1990–2010 baseline for a second straight year. Meteorological transport patterns drive year-to-year variability, while the long-term healing trend reflects the Montreal Protocol's phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons once used in refrigeration and firefighting foam.
The WMO Global Atmosphere Watch network supplies ground-based measurements essential for tracking total column ozone. Meanwhile, UV radiation has climbed by up to 20 percent in parts of Europe since the mid-1990s, largely due to reduced cloud cover and longer sunshine duration, raising skin cancer risks. The Kigali Amendment, marking its 10th anniversary, extends the protocol's scope.
The ozone layer's recovery could reduce UV-related health risks globally, though rising UV exposure in Europe from changing cloud patterns may offset some gains. Populations in high-latitude regions, outdoor workers, and those with limited sun protection could benefit most from continued healing. The Montreal Protocol's success may also serve as a model for addressing other environmental challenges, potentially influencing future international climate agreements and public health policies.